When using 28-Lane CPU, PCIE_X8_4 (3.0) is disabled and the M.2 x4 port should still work fine.
Do you confirm that the drive does not appear at all in the BIOS?
As for the OS you need the lasted Windows 10/11 or it won't be detected, happened to me on the Corsair MP600 PRO XT 2To, it must be due to NVME driver version .
You can try the following in the BIOS, but it should work out of the box:
Advanced Menu -> Onboard Devices Configuration -> PCIEx8_4 and M.2 Configuration -> M.2
Advanced Menu -> System Agent Configuration -> NB PCI-E Configuration -> PCIEX8_4 Link Speed -> Gen3
MB: Asus Rampage V Extreme (WC loop1 rad 120x3) Bios 4101
CPU: Core i7-6950X (WC loop2 rad 120x9)
MEM: G.Skill Flare X 32GB (4x8GB) DDR4 3200MHz@CAS14/CR1
GPU: ZOTAC Trinity RTX 3090 Watercooled [double side] {PCIE_X16/X8_3 slot} (WC loop3 rad 120x9 + 140x9)
SSD: Corsair MP600 PRO XT 2To SSD M.2 NVMe w/ heatsink
HDD: 4 x 10TB Seagate IronWolf RAID 0 (WC loop1)
PSU: EVGA NEX 1500 1650W + Seasonic Fanless TX-700W
Main Screen: ASUS ROG Swift PG43UQ 4K 144Hz G-Sync/FreeSync HDR