When you cloned, did you use Samsung Data Migration software? Personally I recommend, although it's not a guaranteed success. That has worked for me, although a different laptop.
Your last methodology above is what I would've done, i.e. remove or render inactive the HDD, insert the M.2, insert the bootable USB......note this must be UEFI......and install. For your reference, see
THIS THREAD to verify you are following the exact procedure as layed out here.
Davemon50