I couldn`t swap the videocard to another system because I own a laptop and there isn`t any other PC arround. I tried to reinstall the driver (different versions from Nvidia site (375.57 and 375.70) and the latest from Asus site with no luck. Then I reinstalled the whole video pack with no luck (Driver + GPU tweak II). After that I tried to update my motherboard BIOS (Gigabyte X99 UltraGaming from F3 to F5) and the BSOD-s and frezes were present. Finally I downgraded the vBIOS to 86.04.26.00.62 from 2016-07-11, (cleaned the drivers with GUI tool and installed the 372.70 driver and the artefacts were gone. I`m using Windows 10.
My whole system is all new (few weeks old) and befere that VBIOS update it was super stable.
I`ll describe the problem with the black screens and BSOD-s. When I was working in an application (Photoshop) - and when the memory clock changes (register in GPU tweak II from ~7600 MHZ to ~8000 MHZ - the whole screen was going to black for a second and the Photoshop was crashing. After several black screens it was the time for the BSOD. It`s strange because the memory clock was forced to be stable in Nvidia control panel by enabling the Prefer Maximum Performance and there were still some minor changes in the MHZ.
Now the system is stable with the 86.04.26.00.62 and I`m using Optimal Mode. Memory clock changes all the time. No freezes, no BSODS, no black screens. Really, really strange.... That`s why I decided that the problem is video related.