Hello marc,
Sounds like an odd problem, but from what you say, I suspect that you might have a software/hardware issue because you mention fTPM and stuttering issues, even with BIOS 4602. I am not sure what you mean by 'fTPM' but as general advice, I think I would proceed like this:
1) Go back to BIOS 4602 - at least it can be booted
2) Make sure that all BIOS options are set to defaults and check that XMP for RAM is disabled for now.
3) Turn off and remove power. Remove as much dust as you can and clean the machine. Then reseat your RAM and GPU and look carefully for any other issues like loose cables, poor connections etc. Make sure that all fans are running because stuttering might be an overheating issue. Take some time doing this, it can be hard to find a poor connection. It won't do any harm to unplug as much as you can before reconnecting.
4) Once back in Windows, try and identify the cause of stuttering if still there - it could be drivers or file corruption. Try some scans with an anti-virus program and do a Windows disk scan. Use a program like HWInfo to see if there are any indications that something is not working correctly and use a program to look at the S.M.A.R.T information for your drive. It might be failing.
5) Think about backing up your data, passwords etc. and do a fresh install of Windows and update all drivers. That's a good plan anyway, because it should eliminate software and driver issues.
I suspect that you have an underlying hardware (or software) problem which BIOS 4602 can just about cope with, but other BIOSs cannot. For this reason, I don't think that the BIOSs are actually the problem.
It's going to take some time to eliminate potential problems one at a time. Be methodical and make notes as you go, because if it takes a few days those notes might be very helpful. It could be a hardware fault on the motherboard, but I think that is less likely because your machine seems to work better under some circumstances. If it was a more serious problem, then I think you wouldn't be able to boot under any circumstances.
Good luck.
Z690 Hero, 12900K, BIOS 4001, MEI 2433.6.3.0, ME Firmware 16.1.35.2557, 7000X Case, RM1000x PSU, ASUS TUF OC 3090TI, 2 x 16GB Corsair RAM @ 5200MHz, Windows 11 Pro 23H2, Corsair H150i Elite AIO, 4x Corsair RGB fans, 3x M.2 NVME drives, 2x SATA SSDs, 2x SATA HDs.